The History Of Law Enforcement Criminology Essay

The History Of Law Enforcement Criminology Essay   Depending on where it is in the world, there is some type of law enforcement that plays a role in the community, or even in everyday life. Law enforcement is not some new concept or anything like that; it has been around in multiple shapes and forms from early civilizations to present day ones, other ways to examine it would be the people who were some of the first police forces as well as its introduction into America and other factors leading up to how it is present day. Although there were several civilizations that used law enforcement, it was said to be argued that Egypt, the first known civilization, was a police state. Although it is also widely accepted that the Roman Vigiles were the first organized police force. While each country, used a different method for how they enforced laws.  Ã‚  From the earliest known method, was kin policing, which was what basically said that the offenders family would have the responsibility with punishing said offender, whether it be brandishing or capture, or even mutilation.  Besides this, another recognized solution to problem, was simple mediation. Other forms of enforcement would come from places like Africa and Greece, where in Africa they would have trials were done while sitting down on three legged stools, and in Greece where they had jury trials. Sparta would have Mercenary systems. The Middle Ages would have either no system of law enforcement or one of two systems, but instead (depending on where it was in the world) it would end up being a watch system which is volunteering to patrol streets from sunset to rise. One of the two aforementioned systems was the Gendarme System; one that would be located in French and some Romantic speaking countries. Gendarmes (which in English could be labeled as marshal or inspector) can travel anywhere to bring people to justice, and are also agents of the crown. The pay for Gendarmes is based upon their performance during the actual job. Another system that was located in England, named the Pledge System, was a system where people were in charge of their police work, but instead of volunteering they are required to do at least some kind of police work, unless excused by someone who appoints people as constables. Although in several cultures, People were volunteer watchmen, this was not always the case, and there were several groups of people who wound up becoming a part of law enforcement simply due to them being ordered to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the birth of civilization in Mesopotamia, several cities were constantly in a state of welfare, and literally were looking at people and trying to select them based upon which of them had the closest appearance to a police officer. Nubian slaves, wound up being be the first police force, and would act as marketplace and Praetorian guards, or other mercenary like jobs. One of the reasons behind their selection was that they physically stood out compared to other Mesopotamians, and they believed that visibility was a principle to crime control. Similar to how Nubian slaves were used as policemen, so would the Scythian slaves from ancient Greece, the 300 of them had been bought after a war, and would then be charged with keeping peace and order in public places. Although Nubian Slaves were the first police force, as some would say, Roman Vigiles would be the first  organized  police force, a neither nonmilitary nor mercenary group. Created by the Grandnephew of Julius Caesar, who took the name Augustus Caesar, he would first create a Praetorian Guard, to protect him from assassination, divided into 9 groups of 1000 people each, however this would eventually backfire as the guard would begin to be involved in the assassination plots themselves, until disbanded or reabsorbed by the military. The roman emperor would also create a fire brigade, usually comprised of slaves and people who couldnt make it into the Praetorian guards, and served as a force to enforce fire safety during daytime hours, although they werent the best at it. Vigiles in a sense were a best of both worlds, and would fight fires, as well as act as law enforcement group and arrest law breakers. Although it should be noted that there had been a difference between actual police, and people who were actually doing the police duties, as being a policeman was said to be a lowly job, while the police authorities typically was a job for the higher me mbers of the social class. Watchmen would be one of the first figures of law enforcement in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of Americas institutions would be inherited from Great Britain; Law enforcement would be an example of this just as common law would also be adopted. The first Europeans upon landing on Americas shores for the first time would create a police force of all able-bodied men (even young boys) to protect themselves from others who did not wish to share land. Once things got situated as far as maintain order, law breakers could be seen in Pillories which were a wooden lock attached to a pole that one would have to put their arms and head through or stocks which were similar to pillories except instead of being locked to the ground by a pole they were only locked to the persons arms or legs (or both) and it was not attached to a pole meaning you could walk around , as punishment or repayment to society, this was called the Justice of the Peace system, only to become outdated as the towns turned into cities where it would become a paid police force. The Night watch, established in 1636 in the city of Boston which worked well while the area was a rural area. Sometime between the Revolutionary and Civil wars, the growth of population and industrialization in America caused the increased need for a municipal police department, but this would not be met until 1833, where in Philadelphia organized a 24 hour a day police force. And New York would have two forces, one for Day, and another for night. Although this was met with some backlash from the American people, who were wary of a full time Police force. When it came to inherited things, came the Sheriff system, typically selected by his reputation, he would become the chief law enforcement official and although it still exists today, its a more formal slash political version compared to its past self. In America, typically the places where change was typically made, or created for the   law enforcement was in places like New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston, although it would become widely accepted to have an education in order to become an officer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schools that had classes that had to do with law enforcement such as police sciences, general law enforcement, and other criminal law programs were not uncommon prior to World War 1, this had also been similar to Europe where they would study crime as a whole. Institutions played a major role in the educational needs of the police service, and Educational Offices regarded them as the brightest hopes in higher education. From 1929 to 1932, the University of South Carolina had offered Police Courses, and Indiana would also offer four years for Police Science. Although typically seen as the good guys of law enforcement, with the adoption of investigators, came one of Law  enforcement bigger shames, Namely Corruption, which usually was caused by the police chiefs, who were appointed to political bosses, where the bosses or typically any individual who had an amount of money, or some other form of gain, would give donations to the chiefs, in order to have them overlook various affairs. Some of the acts that were associated with this were given several names, depending on what the gain was; a shakedown was the term for the overlooking affairs. Fixing was when an officer would withhold evidence or failing to appear at a judicial hearing, or for a personal favor. Planting things like drugs, or adding evidence that was not originally there was   called a frame-up and finally Ticket fixing, where if the receiver of the ticket was a family or friend, the officer would cancel it as a favor to the person. There are still several other terms and acts that have to do with Corruption, but those were a few of them. Police would be assigned to places like mentioned earlier; to a political figure, along the road to keep potential  never-do-wells from breaking the laws, such as speeding or drunk driving. The types of crime typically committed in a society and the methods used by criminals play a great part in determining a police forces activities. For instance, if criminals use firearms, the police are likely to be armed, or if criminals use computers to commit crimes, the police may establish a special unit dedicated to investigating  cyber-crimes.  Population plays an important role as well; policing rural areas and villages vastly differs from policing large cities. Foremost among the factors that determine a countrys system of policing. In a smaller community,  most people willingly obey most laws, whether a police officer is present or not. They comply with the laws because they consider them fair and because they believe that in the long run it is in their interest to observe them. In small communities in which most citizens know each other, people who live up to the communitys shared ideals are rewarded with the esteem of their fellow citizens, if a law is broken, they can be used as the subject of shame in the community, where on the opposite side, they can be rewarded for living up to the communities standards. This system of informal reward and penalties acts as a strong aid to law enforcement, although its typically stronger in a smaller community. In larger and more complex societies, informal institutions of social control are generally weaker, and, as a result, formal institutions are generally stronger. The relative weakness of informal controls is attributable to a number of factors. In large societies people often deal with strangers whom they will never meet again, and in such circumstances there may be fewer informal rewards for honesty or fewer informal penalties for dishonesty.                   Police span from the Early Mesopotamian and Egyptian eras, to the Middle Ages, and even present day, existing in some shape or form across the world with numerous changes in the way they looked, functioned, or even on how they obtained the job.   They had several predecessors in a sense, in the form of Nubian and Scythian slaves, Vigiles, and the night watch; they have had their ups and downs, such as the educational systems opinion of them, or the corrupt acts some of them have committed. All the same though, they remain as a active part of everyday life.

Dell Auditing Essay

Dell’s products Dell’s products can be separated by home and working sections. For personal clients Dell provide personal laptops, desktops, tablets and a sort of accessories. For enterprise and government users, Dell provide office equipment such as PCs, monitors, printers & electronics and Tablets. Workstations and services focus on servers, solutions and software. Dell’s competitors Competitors of Dell including Lenovo, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Asus and so on. Dell’s customers Based on the advantages of stability and advanced technology, the main part of the customers of Dell are government, enterprise and different institutions. The other part of Dell’s customer is family and personal users which focus on PCs, laptops and personal data services. Dell’s suppliers Dell’s global strategy made a wide and lengthy supply chain. 95% of its suppliers with including AMD, Hitachi, Microsoft and Samsung has been disclosed on the website http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/cr-ca-list-suppliers How does Dell market and distribute its products? For personal clients, Dell’s strategy is to customize its products in order to satisfy potential buyers’ requirement. One of the example is the Alienware Gaming PCs, which is designed and manufactured for high standard game player, Dell presented fashion appearance to attract teenagers and powerful performance to fulfill customers who is seeking perfect game experience. Products can be made for different functions and added distinguished accessories. To deal with the large orders from enterprises, government departments and institutions, Dell serves products and services with lower price and higher stability. Under this circumstances, customers will tend to choose Dell’s products constantly and may introduce them to other potential users. What is Dell’s business strategy? Dell is an obviously cost leadership company. Rely on the efficient supply chain, Dell gained superior price advantage. On the tablet and laptop market Dell has to face strong competition from Apple and Samsung but it was still the largest revenue contributor (31% according 10K) because the lower price in 2012. Dell also attempted on Alienware series to enter high performance PC market. Generally, the sources of Dell’s revenue was almost equally provided by enterprise solutions (46%) and services and Personal Client (54%). What are critical business processes for Dell given its basic business strategy? Dell’s cost leadership strategy is mainly supported by its efficient supply chain management. Suppliers for Dell are globally and widely separated in different businesses. Based on the supply system, Dell could ensure lower accessory price and negotiation advantages. Outsource manufacturing and services decreased the inventory and financial risk, which is normally in high technology industry because of product replacement. What accounting information is associated with the critical business processes and how does Dell measure up on that information? Cost of goods sold, inventory, account payable and revenues. What accounting methods does Dell use to report the accounting information associated with critical business processes and what is the risk of material misstatement? Dell uses FIFO to report inventory and revenue is recognized on the moment of shipment. The amount of account receivable is almost half of the current asset which means the highly risk of income statement adjustment. Inventory has been kept in lower level, consider about the return and exchange service, the number of inventory might be misstated either. Professional auditing standards provide guidance on the auditor’s consideration of an entity’s business risks. What is the auditor’s objective for understanding an entity’s business risks? Why does an auditor not have responsibility to identify or assess all business risks? Provide some examples of business risks associated with an entity that an auditor should consider when performing an audit. The purpose of business risks understanding is to offer auditors capability to recognize possible misstatement and make analysis and adjustment. Audit report will be more efficient and reasonable with support of business expertise. Auditors did not participate management process of the company, and sometimes material or highly material information will be presented to auditors. Auditor’s scope may be restricted or independence influence the accuracy of audit report.

Personality and temperament of children Essay

In the past several years, day care has become the norm in most American families especially that more and more women are joining the workforce and this has become integrated into the welfare system (Davies, 1998). Over the years, research has been active in determining the positive and negative effects of day care to the mental health and cognitive functioning of young children. Results at best have provided evidence that good quality day care is a positive experience for young children (Davies, 1998). On the other hand, proving that day care can significantly affect the mental health and cognitive functioning of the child has remained ambiguous. Establishing causality between use of day care and child mental health and cognitive functioning is difficult because of several variables that might confound the results of the research study. First of this is the inherent personality and temperament of children, measuring child temperament of very young children is cumbersome and difficult coupled with the fact that valid instruments might not be available at this time. It is a fact that mental health and adjustment and cognitive functioning in young children are influenced by their traits and individual differences, hence one could not absolutely say that use of day care would lead to better mental health adjustment and cognitive functioning. Second is the parenting styles of the child’s parents, the child in day care might have involved, authoritative parents or they might have detached and autocratic parents. Although parenting style can be assessed through parenting instruments but it does not clearly provide an explanation as to how a child behaves or how prepared he/she is to interact with children and other caregivers. It is therefore possible that a child that attends a day care center would be socially adept and well adjusted but this could be easily a product of his/her family set-up and parenting style rather than being in day care. Lastly, establishing causality means that the research must prove that the use of day care causes the betterment or deterioration of the child’s mental health and cognitive functioning, this alone is a methodological challenge since day care is made up of several elements lumped into the concept of day care and one factor such as playing with children may have an effect in cognitive functioning but not in mental health. Meanwhile, measuring mental health and cognitive functioning in young children would entail that the research be a longitudinal study since these variables are not manifested in very young children, hence following original research participants for a period of 10 or 15 years might be a more valid design, but one also has to account that children through the years are shaped by their educational experiences in formal schooling and this may inadvertently influence the results of the study in favor of day care when in fact what has been measured was educational experiences in later years. References Davies, C. (1998), Assessing outcomes in child care: An international perspective. Children & Society,12; 3, pp. 155-160. Harvey, E. A. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology, 35, 445-459. Available at http://euryale. sbs. umass. edu/users/eharvey/devpsycharticle. pdf

Steroids Shouldn t Be Used For Anything - 925 Words

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